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	<id>https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=2468th_Sec_0437</id>
	<title>2468th Sec 0437 - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-01T08:58:31Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.44.0</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?title=2468th_Sec_0437&amp;diff=7592&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Codesuser: /* มาตรา 437 */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?title=2468th_Sec_0437&amp;diff=7592&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2025-09-16T14:31:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;มาตรา 437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 14:31, 16 September 2025&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==== [[2468th_Book2_Chapter05_Title01|&#039;&#039;&#039;หมวด ๑ ความรับผิดเพื่อละเมิด&#039;&#039;&#039;]] ====&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;[[2468th Sec 0436|← Previous Section]]&#039;&#039;&#039; | &#039;&#039;&#039;[[2468th Sec 0438|Next Section →]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;====== &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;มาตรา 437&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ======&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;====== &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;มาตรา 437&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ======&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* บุคคลใดครอบครองหรือควบคุมดูแลยานพาหนะอย่างใดๆ อันเดินด้วยกำลังเครื่องจักรกล บุคคลนั้นจะต้องรับผิดชอบเพื่อการเสียหายอันเกิดแต่ยานพาหนะนั้น เว้นแต่จะพิสูจน์ได้ว่าการเสียหายนั้นเกิดแต่เหตุสุดวิสัย หรือเกิดเพราะความผิดของผู้ต้องเสียหายนั้นเอง&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* บุคคลใดครอบครองหรือควบคุมดูแลยานพาหนะอย่างใดๆ อันเดินด้วยกำลังเครื่องจักรกล บุคคลนั้นจะต้องรับผิดชอบเพื่อการเสียหายอันเกิดแต่ยานพาหนะนั้น เว้นแต่จะพิสูจน์ได้ว่าการเสียหายนั้นเกิดแต่เหตุสุดวิสัย หรือเกิดเพราะความผิดของผู้ต้องเสียหายนั้นเอง&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Codesuser</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?title=2468th_Sec_0437&amp;diff=4847&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Codesuser: 1 revision imported</title>
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		<updated>2025-08-03T14:03:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;1 revision imported&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 14:03, 3 August 2025&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-notice&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-diff-empty&quot;&gt;(No difference)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Codesuser</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?title=2468th_Sec_0437&amp;diff=4846&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Codesuser at 09:16, 23 July 2025</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/2468_th_codes/index.php?title=2468th_Sec_0437&amp;diff=4846&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2025-07-23T09:16:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;====== &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;มาตรา 437&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ======&lt;br /&gt;
* บุคคลใดครอบครองหรือควบคุมดูแลยานพาหนะอย่างใดๆ อันเดินด้วยกำลังเครื่องจักรกล บุคคลนั้นจะต้องรับผิดชอบเพื่อการเสียหายอันเกิดแต่ยานพาหนะนั้น เว้นแต่จะพิสูจน์ได้ว่าการเสียหายนั้นเกิดแต่เหตุสุดวิสัย หรือเกิดเพราะความผิดของผู้ต้องเสียหายนั้นเอง&lt;br /&gt;
* ความข้อนี้ให้ใช้บังคับได้ ตลอดถึงบุคคลผู้มีไว้ในครอบครองของตนซึ่งทรัพย์อันเป็นของเกิดอันตรายได้โดยสภาพ หรือโดยความมุ่งหมายที่จะใช้ หรือโดยอาการกลไกของทรัพย์นั้นด้วย&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Section 437.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Draft in English from [https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:163466 Vol.79])&lt;br /&gt;
* [I] A person is responsible for injury caused by any conveyance propelled by mechanism which is in his possession or control, unless he proves that the injury results from force majeure or fault of the injured person.&lt;br /&gt;
* [II] The same applies to the person who has in his possession things dangerous by nature of destination or on account of their mechanical action.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====== &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;《References》&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ======&lt;br /&gt;
☆ quoted from “INDEX” with supplementary entries in […]: [https://openlegaltextbook.ddns.net/Codes/archives/vol079/vol079_0436-0437.pdf Images in Archives]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Old Text (1923): &lt;br /&gt;
# Jp. Code (1896,98): &lt;br /&gt;
# Gr. Code (1896): &lt;br /&gt;
# Miscellaneous: &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;[https://archive.org/details/codenapoleonorf00spengoog/page/378/mode/2up Fr.1384 [=Fr.1384 par.1]]&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024893640/page/n345/mode/2up Br.1527]&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====== &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;《Comments》&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ======&lt;br /&gt;
The miscellaneous sources are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
* French Civil Code (1804), Art.1384;&lt;br /&gt;
** [I] A person is responsible not only for the injury which is caused by his own act, but also for that which is caused by the act of persons for whom he is bound to answer, or by things which he has had under his care.&lt;br /&gt;
** [II] The father, and the mother after the decease of her husband, are responsible for the injury caused by their children being minors and residing with them; masters and trustees, for the injury caused by their servants and managers in the functions in which they have employed them ;&lt;br /&gt;
** [III] Tutors and artisans for the injury caused by their pupils and apprentices during the period in which they are under their superintendence.&lt;br /&gt;
** [IV] The responsibility above mentioned is incurred, unless the father and mother, tutors and artisans, can prove that they were not able to prevent the act which gives rise to such responsibility.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Civil Code of Brazil (1916), Art.1527;&lt;br /&gt;
** The owner, or keeper (detentor), of an animal shall make good (resarcird) the damtige caused by it, unless he proves:&lt;br /&gt;
*** I. That he kept and watched it with precise care.&lt;br /&gt;
*** II. That the animal was provoked by another.&lt;br /&gt;
*** III. That the person injured acted imprudently {qioe houver imprudencia do offendido).&lt;br /&gt;
*** IV. That the fact resulted from accident (caso fortuito), or vis major.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Codesuser</name></author>
	</entry>
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