2468th Sec 0349

ส่วนที่ ๔ แปลงหนี้ใหม่

← Previous Section | Next Section →

มาตรา 349

• เมื่อคู่กรณีที่เกี่ยวข้องได้ทำสัญญาเปลี่ยนสิ่งซึ่งเป็นสาระสำคัญแห่งหนี้ไซร้ ท่านว่าหนี้นั้นเป็นอันระงับสิ้นไปด้วยแปลงหนี้ใหม่
• ถ้าทำหนี้มีเงื่อนไขให้กลายเป็นหนี้ปราศจากเงื่อนไขก็ดี เพิ่มเติมเงื่อนไขเข้าในหนี้อันปราศจากเงื่อนไขก็ดี เปลี่ยนเงื่อนไขก็ดี ท่านถือว่าเป็นอันเปลี่ยนสิ่งซึ่งเป็นสาระสำคัญแห่งหนี้นั้น
• ถ้าแปลงหนี้ใหม่ด้วยเปลี่ยนตัวเจ้าหนี้ ท่านให้บังคับด้วยบทบัญญัติทั้งหลายแห่งประมวลกฎหมายนี้ว่าด้วยโอนสิทธิเรียกร้อง

Section 349. (Draft in English from Vol.79)

• [I] When the parties concerned have concluded a contract changing the essential elements of an obligation, such obligation is extinguished by novation.
• [II] If a conditional obligation is made unconditional, or a condition is added to an unconditional obligation, or if a condition is changed, it is regarded as a change of an essential element of such obligation.
• [III] A novation by a change of the creditor is governed by the provisions of this Code concerning transfer of claims.

《References》

☆ quoted from “INDEX” with supplementary entries in […]: Images in Archives

1. Old Text (1923):
2. Jp. Code (1896,98): * 513, 515, 516
3. Gr. Code (1896):
4. Miscellaneous: Fr.1271; S.O.116, 117

《Comments》

The most plausible model for this section would be:

• Japanese Civil Code (1896/98), Arts.513 and 516 [⇒ 468 par.1];
  • Art.513;
    • [I] When the parties concerned have concluded a contract changing the essential elements of an obligation, such obligation is extinguished by novation.
    • [II] If a conditional obligation is made unconditional, or a condition is added to an unconditional obligation, or if a condition is changed, it is regarded as a change of an essential element of such obligation. The same applies when a bill of exchange is issued instead of performance of an obligation.
  • Art.516;
    • The provisions of No. 1 [=Paragraph 1] of Art. 468 [relating to assignment of obligations] apply correspondingly to a novation by a change of the creditor.
  • Art.468;
    • [I] When the debtor has given the consent of the preceding Article without making any reservation even when there are circumstances which could have been set up against the assignor, they cannot be set up against the assignee. But if the debtor has paid anything to the assignor in order to extinguish the obligation it can be recovered, or if he has incurred any obligation to the assignor, he may regard it as non- existent.
    • [II] When the assignor has merely notified the assignment to the debtor, the latter may set up against the assignee any defence which he could have set up against the assignor previous to the receipt of such notification.

The other miscellaneous sources are as follows:

• French Civil Code (1804), Art.1271;
  • Novation is effected in three ways :
    • 1st. When the debtor contracts towards his creditor a new debt which is substituted for the ancient one, which latter is extinguished;
    • 2d. When a new debtor is substituted for the ancient one who is discharged by the creditor;
    • 3d. When, by the effect of a new engagement, a new creditor is substituted for the ancient one, towards whom the debtor becomes discharged.
• Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht (1911), Arts.116 and 117;
  • Art.116;
    • [I] Die Tilgung einer alten Schuld durch Begründung einer neuen wird nicht vermutet.
    • [II] Insbesondere bewirkt die Eingehung einer Wechselverbindlichkeit mit Rücksicht auf eine bestehende Schuld oder die Ausstellung eines neuen Schuld- oder Bürgschaftsscheines, wenn es nicht anders vereinbart wird, keine Neuerung der bisherigen Schuld.
  • Art.117;
    • [I] Die Einsetzung der einzelnen Posten in einen Konto-Korrent hat keine Neuerung zur Folge.
    • [II] Eine Neuerung ist jedoch anzunehmen, wenn der Saldo gezogen und anerkannt wird.
    • [III] Bestehen für einen einzelnen Posten besondere Sicherheiten, so werden sie, unter Vorbehalt anderer Vereinbarung, durch die Ziehung und Anerkennung des Saldos nicht aufgehoben.